Analysis Of Travesti s Travesti Essay - 1318 Words

Is there such thing as being in between a male and a female? Don Kulick clears up this question through his field study in his book Travesti, which is about Brazilian male prostitutes who feminize themselves in order to obtain not only customers, but boyfriends as well as a sense of femininity. I have come to the conclusion that the overall main argument presented in this book is the identity because the travesti identify themselves in a unique way compared to what most other people would identify them as. To be clear, travestis don’t have any confusion with their identity, it is the rest of the world that has a hard time categorizing them. The travestis’ perception of gender is developed through the way in which genitals are used during sex (Kulick, pg. 227). A male who â€Å"penetrates† and is never â€Å"penetrated† is referred to as a man, while others who are â€Å"penetrated† and may â€Å"penetrate† are referred to as either homosexuals or females (Kulick, pg. 227). Travestis range between both of these identities by feeling masculine when they â€Å"penetrate† their clients or partners, and feminine when they are â€Å"penetrated† (Kulick, pg. 227). This fluctuation creates a confusion as to whether Travestis should be labeled as â€Å"men† or â€Å"women†. Travestis possess a lot of mixed roles. They dress like women, gossip, prefer being penetrated, wear makeup as well as wigs, and even pump their bodies full of silicone and hormones in order to look more feminine for men (Kulick, pg. 66). On theShow MoreRelatedThe Representation Of The Binary Pair Nature And Culture 1966 Words   |  8 PagesThe inclusion of the binary pair ‘nature’ and ‘culture’ as a category of analysis in social sciences has raised many debates. Anthropologists have often been criticized for universalizing these categories and forcing them into non-western societies. Therefore, many scholars have aimed to show how the complex reality of the world cannot be reduced to a simple nature-culture dichotomy. Setting outside their own cultural values, anthropologists have focused on the body and how its different perceptionsRead MoreSambia Social Interaction Essay1216 Words   |  5 Pagesgathering, I observe no male counterpart to the previ ously described same-sex interaction between the women. Kulick’s paper shows that gendered ideas of sexuality and masculinity are highly contextual. In Kulick’s study of gender in the Brazilian travesti community, the masculinity of a male-gendered person is not threatened by sexual contact with another male as long as they are the ones performing the act of penetration (Kulick 574). In the context of a Brazilian society, the act of being penetratedRead MoreHomosexuality and University Press5666 Words   |  23 Pages2001. Elizabeth A. Armstrong, Forging Gay Identities. Organizing Sexuality in San Francisco, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. Henning Bech, When Men Meet. Homosexuality and Modernity, Cambridge: Polity, 1997. Alan P. Bell amp;  Martin S.  Weinberg, Homosexualities. A Study of Diversity Among Men amp; Women, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978. David Bell amp; John Binnie, The Sexual Citizen. Queer Politics and Beyond, Cambridge: Polity, 2000. -, amp; Gill Valentine (eds), Mapping

Management and Teaching Note - 19520 Words

ecch the case for learning case collections update 2007 Quarter 4 Visit the case search section of the ecch website at www.ecch.com to identify relevant cases from the ecch collection and view over 31,000 full text inspection copies. ecch provides a free monthly e-mail update service giving details of new cases from all sources. Visit www.ecch.com to subscribe. Economics, Politics and Business Environment 9-407-049 ALLIANZ AG: BECOMING A EUROPEAN COMPANY Lorsch, JW; Chernak, A Harvard Business School Publishing 20pp 205-024-4 BRITISH CHOCOLATE MARKET: UP FOR A FAIRTRADE ORGANIC MAKEOVER? Structured assignment Rathore, RS; Ragu, SP IBSCDC 15pp; Teaching note 205-024-8 (12pp) 207-057-1 BURGEONING CHINESE ECONOMY: SIGNS OF†¦show more content†¦Membership will save you money and make case use more convenient. Contact Catherine Tobin: c.tobin@ecch.com or visit www.ecch.com/membership 207-056-1 ISSUES FACING SMEs IN HONG KONG: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Farhoomand, A; Sethi, K; Ho, P Asia Case Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong 17pp 207-054-1 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU PORT TRUST - JNPT: A CASE STUDY ON JNPT PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP Phopale, A Aegis School of Business 7pp 207-044-1 KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN: TACKLING THE TRANS FAT PROBLEM Fernando, R; Sengupta, R ICMR Center for Management Research 11pp; Teaching note 207-044-8 (4pp) 207-043-1 KEPPEL OFFSHORE MARINE: RIDING THE WAVES OF CHANGE Wee, BG; Buche, I Asian Business Case Centre 8pp; Teaching note 207-043-8 (5pp) 207-045-1 MACAU: THE FUTURE ENTERTAINMENT CAPITAL OF THE WORLD? Govind, S; Chakraborty, B ICMR Center for Management Research 20pp; Teaching note 207-045-8 (3pp) Visit the case search section at www.ecch.com for further details and on-line inspection copies 3 Economics, Politics and Business Environment 207-049-1 ONESTEEL-SMORGON STEEL MERGER: THE CHALLENGES AHEAD Sonpal, A; Rai, VP IBS Research Center, Bangalore 23pp 205-070-4 OUTSOURCING INNOVATION: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES Structured assignmentShow MoreRelatedA Classroom Management Strategies Can Enhance Student Learning1197 Words   |  5 Pagestechniques of classroom management, some of which I had never thought of when thinking about teaching. I witnessed some techniques that were incredible and very effective, while also witnessing techniques that did not seem to control the classroom. It was interesting to make the connection between a controlled classroom and effective teaching. I did not realize how much successful classroom management strategies could enhance student learning. Observing classroom management strategies also enlightenedRead MoreThe Impact Of Digital Transformation On A Learning Management System1195 Words   |  5 Pagesattempts to collect knowledge of the complexities of adoption, teacher attitud es, and other data regarding the impact of the digital transformation to a learning management system. Research focuses on 24 interviews of teachers across the district, and factors that influence their decision to adopt or not adopt the district’s learning management system. The case study approach was selected because of its ability to acquire information through each individual vicariously and to examine their attitudesRead MoreJoey Is A Twelfth Grade Student898 Words   |  4 Pagesanswer, I walk back to his desk and verbally reprimand him about his consequence. His consequence after every disruption will be staying in during recess and talking about his behavior. After so many times staying during recess, I will be sending a note to his parents explaining to them what goes on during class. If needed I would set up a parent/teacher conference, as well with Joey. An instructional intervention that could better Joey’s behavior would be to use a sticker system. I agree with GongolaRead MoreThe Business Management Academic Discipline1216 Words   |  5 Pages Teaching Case Details Discipline Focus The teaching case will be focused within the business management academic discipline. Teaching Topic Area The teaching case will be concentrated in the area of organizational behavior and will examine the employee interactions with the company’s business environment. It will address the organizational change component within the organizational development (OD). More specifically, it will evaluate this construct from the context of a proactive component.Read MoreDesigning A Stronger Behavior Management System1633 Words   |  7 Pagesof growth that could have been made in order to make the unit even more successful. One major strength from this unit was the differentiation of instruction and assessments. An area of growth for this unit would be to create a stronger behavior management system in order to make the time dedicated to math each day more valuable. This inclusion classroom has a wide range of learners with varying ability levels. In math, there are four tiered groups with some students who are above grade level, someRead MoreThe Article Misconceptions And Goals Of Classroom Management 942 Words   |  4 PagesThe article â€Å"Misconceptions and Goals of Classroom Management† by Tracey Farrell Garrett begins by addressing three common misconceptions regarding classroom management. The first misconception of classroom management is that it is â€Å"synonymous with discipline† (Garrett 45). Garrett dispels the belief of discipline being the primary focus of classroom management. Referencing the work of education professors and researchers, Carol Weinstein and Carolyn Evertson, she explains that the organizationRead MoreClassroom Management For Students With Emotional And Behavioral Disorders1332 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most important aspects of teachers is managing their classroom effectively with both management and structure. Creating Classroom Rules for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: A Decision-Making Guide ( Kostewicz, Ruhl, Kubina, 2008) described classroom management strategies as well as provided six step-by-step clear rule decision making questions. 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Prince Avenue Christian School For my twenty hours of field experience, I observed

Sat Math Test Free Essays

What is the probability that Scott wins? 5. Maria is 6 times as old as Tina. In 20 years, Maria will be only twice as old as Tina. We will write a custom essay sample on Sat Math Test or any similar topic only for you Order Now How old is Maria now? 6. If a. ND c are positive numbers with a=b/ca, what is the value of c when a=44 and b=275 7. In thro figure above, all of the line segments meet to form right angles. What Is the perimeter of the figure? 8. A car going 40 miles per hour set out on an 80 miles trip at 9:00 a. M. Exactly 10 minutes later, a second car left from the same place and followed the same place and followed the same route. How fast, In miles per hour, was the second car going if it caught up with the first car at 10:30 a. M. ? 9. Five people shared a prize of $100. Each one received a whole number of dollars, and no two people received the same amount. If the largest share was $30 and the smallest share was $1 5, what Is the most money that the person with the third largest share could have received? 10. There are 12 men on a basketball tea, and In a game 5 of them play at any one time. If the game Is 1 hour long, and If each man plays exactly the same amount of time, how many minutes does each man play? 5 8 10 . A square, not shown, has the same perimeter as the quadrilateral above. . What is the length of the side of the square? 250 12. In the figure above, if AS bisects REST. What is the value of W ? 13. If it is now 1:15, what time will it be when the hour hand has moved through an angle of 100 ? ICC 14. In the figure above, rectangle ABACA has been partitioned into four triangles. If UDF= BEEF , what is the value of x+Y ? 15. Jean spent $125 for a camera and some film. The camera cost $100 more than the film. What percent of the cost of th e two items did Jean spend for the camera? How to cite Sat Math Test, Papers

Work in Progress free essay sample

When the Bank of America (BOA) launched it mobile banking platform in May 2007, it enhanced service options to its customers by creating smartphone applications (apps) which allowed customers to access account information and make transactions remotely and on the move without having to visit a BOA branch, ATM or even having to have access to a computer. Douglas Brown who had been responsible for the initial development and launch of the mobile banking platform reported in 2010 that just under three years BOA has observed an adoption rate five to eight times that of their online banking initiative which had occurred several years before (Norris, 2012). This level of success was noted as being very apparent to the line-of business managers who are directly responsible for various profit driven portfolios such as mortgages etc. As noted by (Norris, 2012) the United States financial services industry is significantly fragmented with BOA being the largest individual market segment holder (total of 46. 4% in total being held by the top ten largest banks). After the financial crisis of 2009-2010 consumer confidence in some of the larger banks including BOA was shaky. BOA determined that there were opportunities for customers to be poached away by smart firms that focused on reduced fees and providing enhanced levels of customer service. The events lead to a marketplace where competitors were waiving ATM fees and offered increased access to banking representatives. Several lessons can be drawn from the BOA online banking operations. BOA implemented its online banking platform in the late 1990s with the intention of providing its customers with significantly increased level of convince and access to banking services. By moving more of the basic client activities to online banking BOA had created an opportunity to reduce cost by migrating its customers from branches and call centers to the comfort of their own homes. Initially when the online banking platform was launched BOA charged a monthly fee. Given that technology was new early potential customers were somewhat reluctant to utilize the service due to the extra cost, fears of security breaches the inconvenience of having to enter all of their individual billing information into the system. In 2002 however BOA removed the month fee associated with online banking and this helped to further consumer comfort with adapting to the new format of banking. As comfort levels continued to rise by 2009, BOA had growen to be just fewer than 30 million online banking customers. As more customers make use of the online banking services this had a considerable impact on other bank service options such as ATMs, call centers, retail branches etc. The following table taken from Norris, 2012 demonstrates clearly the impact that the adaption of online banking has had on the overall utilization of banking services. Furthermore the table demonstrates a dramatic increase in monthly transactions that occur once a customer has made an active move to online banking. These results are significant as the increase in online banking creates more transactions per customer while decreasing operating costs of various other service offering units such as call centers or branches (costs per transactions reduction from $1. 34 at the branch to as low as $0. 03-$0. 04 online). BOA also observed during 2003-2006 that the customer retention levels for online banking customers exceeded that of control groups. Those customers who were used online banking to pay bills etc. showed the greatest levels of incremental benefit to the bank. Thus one can clear state that online/mobility based methods of banking show great promise for increasing business, reducing costs and increasing client retention. Costs of customers migrating to online banking: There are clear costs associated with customers migrating towards online banking platforms. BOA stated that there would be significant capital investment and operational costs associated with creating and maintaining an online banking platform. Costs per transactions have been noted as $0. 03-$0. 04$. Benefits of having customers migrate to online banking: The benefits of having customers migrate to online banking are vast as demonstrated by BOA. Not only does it increase customer satisfaction it also significantly reduces costs. By moving transactions out of service areas that are more costly such as branches, retailers and call centers we see a reduction in the overall operating bottom line. Combine this with long the long term trend of more consumers moving towards online based services we see a dramatic reduction in service center space allocations and staffing requirements (further savings). Combined this with an overall increase in customer retention as observed on the following table pro vided by Norris, 2012 The benefits of online banking are clear; reduced costs, more bank business significantly increased client retention with all of this being a direct result of providing a more convenient/improved customer experience. 4) How should McDonald and Brown respond to the LOB managers’ request to include more functions in the bank’s mobile app? Bank of America’s line of business managers were very well aware of the success of the adaptation of mobile banking. In less than three years BOA has grown its client base of mobile banking users to four million. This represented and adoption rate of five to eight times that of the online banking service offered by BOA in May 2007 (Norris, 2012). Given this type of success it only makes sense that line of business managers would want to leverage the resource to increase profitability for their given portfolios (mortgages, credit cards etc. ). Thus Brown had been consistently receiving request to build in further app capabilities for their specific needs. Brown in response to the request to add more complex features to the mobile application should be focused on the key factors that lead to the success of online banking and subsequently the launch of the mobile banking app. Both of these services added convenience and an enhanced level of user experience for banking customers. Brown should also draw attention to the fact that their has already been some well known cases where mobile apps had become too complex and thus led to failure in the marketplace. Adding to complexity also creates a chance for slower transaction speeds which could create a negative user experience resulting in clients taking their business elsewhere. Further if BOA were to build further or even additional applications for these units it would have pull resources from other key segments such as ATMs and online banking. However with that being said Brown would have to acknowledge that competitions such as Citi and Wells Fargo have already created separate mobile applications for different target groups feeling that they could provide their clients with more customized user experiences. Brown can instruct the LOB managers to review how customers use mobile bank applications and cite results from 2009 where 99% of BoA clients used the app to view account balances and 90% viewing account transaction level information. One of the most active users of mobile banking were debit card holders who wanted to check their available balanced prior to making a purchase with their debit cards. Surveys of user experience had indicated that 76% those surveyed felt an increased level of customer satisfaction as a direct result to the introduction of the mobile application, thus the importance of the application remaining user friendly and efficient. Brown should also point out that although adding complexity to the application is not desirable it could be leveraged to market the other services of interest to the LOB managers. Thus the application can be used to direct clients who are interested in complex services such as mortgages into online banking or into branches where more customizable service offerings are available.

Educational Research Flashcard

Educational Research Educational Research Flashcard Educational Research

The Battle Of Brandywine essays

The Battle Of Brandywine essays The Battle of Brandywine: Part 1 of 10 The British... Many of the 15,000 British troops spent the night in Kennett Square population 2,000 unwinding and carousing, while a battle General Howe's flanking strategy was devised two days earlier: While General Knyphausen attacked at Chadd's Ford, as Washington expected, Cornwallis would stealthily move north, cross the Brandywine, and flank Washington's right. [Map and a fuller The Americans... By the night of September 10th, the American troops were extended along a six-mile line covering the east side of the Brandywine Creek. Washington knew that the British army would have to ford the Brandywine if they were to get to their target Philadelphia. He discounted the possibility of being flanked, assuming that Howe would rely upon his his greater troop strength and superior artillery to press a direct attack. Washington believed that the British would have to ford the ...

Skype Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Skype - Essay Example Considering the rapid digitalization of the economies and an increasing trend towards the online market portals, it is vital for the modern businesses to resort exclusively or partially to e-marketing solutions and strategies. In fact e-marketing has redefined the ways the modern businesses are conducted. Ans. Skype being a complete e-commerce venture has an elaborate and well calibrated e-marketing strategy. A cursory perusal of the e-marketing activities undertaken by Skype reveals innovation and effectiveness at its best. The primary forte of Skype lies in its apt communication strategies and its state of the art customer relationship management (Krishnamurthy 2006). Skype has an exclusive e-marketing based advertising campaign that resorts to the regular strategies like hosting an exclusive website that enhances the awareness of the potential customers about the products offered by Skype and also connects them to these services. Skype also uses banner ads, text ads, pop-up ads and other such features (Krishnamurthy 2006). In addition Skype also uses e-mail and e-mail newsletters to disseminate information amongst the interested customers (Krishnamurthy 2006). Skype has an immaculate search engine optimization strategy. Skype extensively resorts to a personalized online customer c are that targets both the individual and corporate customers Krishnamurthy 2006). Ans. Skype is the most well known and cost effective VoIP based communication service. It enables its customers to make the regular telephonic communication to both the landline and cellular phones located anywhere in the world through the medium of the internet. In addition Skype offers other relevant services like file transfer and online conferencing. Though Skype has an effective and elaborate e-marketing strategy that advertises it’s economical and state of the art services amongst the people, the primary

Polybius, the Constitution of the Roman republic Essay

Polybius, the Constitution of the Roman republic - Essay Example Polybius begins the analysis of separate magistrates with consuls. The consuls, when they are present in Rome, govern all the people and all the officers except the tribunes, they report to the Senate on all matters and enter the embassy to the Senate, oversee the execution of enactments, summon the national assembly, make proposals, execute orders, have unlimited authority in military affairs, may punish any person in the military camp and spend public funds at their discretion. The senate primarily administers the state treasury; in its jurisdiction are all crimes committed in Italy, it is responsible for the administration of embassies in countries outside of Italy; it decides issues of war and peace, receives the embassy. Polybius emphasizes that people do not participate at all in these events. Realizing that may give the impression that people can do nothing substantial, the author hastens to warn that this is a false opinion. He draws the reader’s attention to the fact that people have a very strong influence on the life of the Roman state, as in people’s hands is the right to reward and punish. From the viewpoint of Polybius these incentives determine people’s entire lives.

Is a college education worth the time and money Essay

Is a college education worth the time and money - Essay Example The experience gained from this type of learning addresses every dimension of the total individual. Firstly, a college education attends to the spiritual dimension of the individual for it is at this juncture that an individual comes face to face with his/her inner self. One is forced to brutally confront oneself and acknowledge one’s strengths, weaknesses and even failures as one has to learn to cope with meeting deadlines, completing a plethora of assignments and making presentations that may be harshly criticized. In addition, it is because of this great demand of external output that the student must turn to his/her inner being and decide whether to maintain the morale values which may have been embedded from early childhood or whether to abandon them and give in to self. This opportunity to interact with one’s inner self in a real way certainly compensates for any time or money that may have been spent to attain it. Secondly, college education positively affects one’s social being. The student has the opportunity to meet with others of his/her age and experience the type of fellowship that is borne out of sharing pains and joys, sufferings, successes and failures. The network that is formed here can only add value to the student’s life for it may be the means through which the student meets persons that may assist in future job hunting or promotions. What is more, students gain the required skills, knowledge and attitudes needed to obtain a good paying job which enhances the opportunity for them to receive promotion at their job. Mathews in his 2007 article on Multiplying Benefits of College for Everybody gave a fine example of the latitude which is granted by the college graduate. He states, â€Å"If a Hamilton College graduate with a degree in English literature decides she would prefer to become a fry cook or a midwife or a farmer, she can develop those skills relatively quickly as

Ophthalmoplegic Migraine Paediatric Oculomotor Schwannoma

Ophthalmoplegic Migraine Paediatric Oculomotor Schwannoma Corresponding Author: Dr.R.Subasree Title : Ophthalmoplegic Migraine and Paediatric Oculomotor Schwannoma: Cause or Co-Incidence? Structured Abstract: Objective: To report a case of Ophthalmoplegic migraine with Pediatric Oculomotor Schwannoma which is very rare. Methods: A 16 year old boy admitted as inpatient at our tertiary referral centre and University hospital in South India, with history of recurrent headaches and oculomotor palsy of 14 years duration was evaluated in detail to rule out posterior fossa, orbital fissure, parasellar lesions, granulomatous disorders and aneurysms. Results: Initial CT Brain revealed a nodular non-enhancing lesion in the interpeduncular cistern, MR Imaging along with CISS 3D sequence done two years later after CT, revealed a small enhancing nodular lesion at the level of midbrain in the interpeduncular cistern at nerve exit level suggestive of schwannoma of third nerve. Practice: Patient was treated with analgesics, nimodipine and valproate with which there was a partial response. During his subsequent 2 year follow-up, his frequency and severity of attacks had reduced. Conclusion: Oculomotor nerve schwannomas are extremely rare. Only 12 children under the age of 18, without neurofibromatosis have been sufficiently documented. The coexistence of OM and Oculomotor schwannoma suggests that it is not a coincidence. Awareness and suspicion is required to identify cranial cephalalgia /OM and it warrants thorough investigation to rule out intrinsic lesions mimicking OM. Implications. Controversies exist till date regarding etiology, pathophysiology, imaging findings and management guidelines of OM. The rare association reported in our report gives insight into better understanding of the pathophysiology and clinico-radiological correlations in OM. Keywords: Ophthalmoplegic migraine, Oculomotor Schwanomma Introduction Ophthalmoplegic migraine is very rare with annual incidence being 0.7 per million. It most often occurs in infancy or childhood. There are recurrent attacks of headache in association with ophthalmoplegia due to paresis of cranial nerve III, IV, or VI .The episodes of ophthalmoplegia may persist for several hours to several weeks, months, or permanently. Most often it is self-limited condition. Ophthalmoplegic migraine is also recognized as a cranial neuralgia according to 2004 edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders. [1] .Paediatric Oculomotor Schwannoma is extremely rare and it can mimic OM. We describe a young boy with recurrent ophthalmoplegic migraine and oculomotor schwannoma in MR imaging. Clinical Observation A 16 year old boy presented with history of left hemicranial headache of 14year duration. The headache was throbbing, severe associated with drooping of left eye, blurring of left eye vision, photo-phonophobia, nausea and vomiting. The frequency of attacks was around 15 per month each lasting for 3-48 hours. During the attack, he was found to have left sided ptosis, poorly responsive normal sized pupil and mild left elevation and adduction restriction. (Figure 1).There was persistent residual vision loss in left eye with acuity of 6/60. Fundus was normal. There were no other deficits. Investigations were carried out to rule out posterior fossa, orbital fissure and parasellar lesions. Initial CT Brain revealed a nodular non-enhancing lesion in the interpeduncular cistern , MR Imaging along with CISS 3D sequence done two years later (Figure 3a, 3b) revealed a small enhancing nodular lesion at the level of midbrain in the interpeduncular cistern at nerve exit level suggestive of schwannoma of third nerve. MR Angiography was normal. (Figure 3c). Patient was treated with analgesics, nimodipine and valproate with which there was a partial response. Steroids were not administered. During his subsequent 2 year follow-up, his frequency and severity of attacks had reduced. Paediatric Oculomotor Schwanomma is present as painless oculomotor deficit or may be asymptomatic and detected incidentally. Its presence with OM poses a question whether it was a mere coincidence or the cause of OM. Discussion: Ophthalmoplegic migraine is a rare distinct neurologic syndrome characterized by recurrent headache and ophthalmoplegia. The third cranial nerve is most commonly affected. Most patients recover completely within days to weeks, but a minority are left with persistent neurologic deficits. [1] .As per the International Classification of Headache, ophthalmoplegic migraine is defined as at least 2 attacks of ‘‘migraine-like’’ headache followed within 4 days by paresis of the third, fourth, and/or sixth cranial nerves, including ophthalmoparesis, ptosis, or mydriasis .[2] Gap between the onset of headache and the cranial nerve palsy has varied between 2 days and10 weeks. [3]The exact aetiology of this condition remains unknown. Oculomotor nerve compression, ischemia, swelling of the posterior cerebral artery, pituitary swelling, vascular anomaly, benign viral infection, demyelinating neuropathy, activation of trigemino-vascular system are the various pathogenesis implicated. Diseases such as vascular malformation, granulomatous infections, pituitary apoplexy, sarcoidosis and chronic inflammatory, demyelinating polyneuropathies may have similar clinical presentation like OM. So contrast enhanced MRI and magnetic resonance angiography should be the investigations of first choice for the diagnosis of OM, followed by a careful clinical examination and spinal tap. Sometimes, conventional angiogram may be necessary to exclude an aneurysm. [4]. Mark et al. 1998.,[5]found focal thickening of the nerve in non-contrast studies, and further thickening was present on the contrast-enhanced images in the area of the exit zone of the nerve in the inter peduncular cistern. Carlow studied the magnetic resonance scans in six patients diagnosed with OM and did a retrospective literature survey in 17 patients with OM, all of whom showed thickened ipsilateral oculomotor nerves at the midbrain exit in noncontrast T 1 -weighted images. Contrast T 1 -weighted magnetic resonance scans showed enhancement of the ipsilateral oculomotor nerves. [6].Many cases show improvement in the enhancement of cranial nerve III with resolution of the symptoms, but the timing and degree of resolution has not been consistent in reports. Contrast enhancement on MRI is not a sine qua non for the diagnosis of OM. Gelfand AA et al., 2011 [1] systematically reviewed all cases of OM in literature between1995 to 2010. There were a total of 80 cases .The median age at the time of the first ophthalmoplegic migraine attack was 8 years (3-16 years) .The third cranial nerve was involved in the vast majority of cases (83%), sixth cranial nerve was involved in 20% and the fourth nerve in 2% of cases. The interval between headache onset and ophthalmoparesis ranged from immediate to up to 14 days. The ophthalmoplegia tended to last longer (2 to 3 weeks to 2 to 3 months) .In 54%, persistent deficits were observed. Of 52 patients who had a contrast brain MRI during an acute attack, 75% had contrast enhancement of the third nerve and 76% had nerve thickening. There was a benefit from corticosteroid treatment in 54%. Schwannomas are benign peripheral nerve sheath tumours with great propensity to arise from vestibular nerves. Oculomotor nerve schwannomas are extremely rare. There are only 40 cases reported in the literature. Only 12 children under the age of 18, without neurofibromatosis have been sufficiently documented. [7] In 1982, Leunda et al. [8] reported a case in an 11-year-old boy whose tumour was resected en bloc and ranked as the largest oculomotor nerve schwannoma documented at that time, with a 55-mm diameter. Since then, another 11 histologically proven paediatric cases have been described successively in the literature. The average diameters of the paediatric tumours size is 19.5 mm. Oculomotor nerve paresis was the most common neurological sign and a variable degree of oculomotor nerve dysfunction, including ptosis, diplopia, or dilated pupil, was present in all but one . Duration of preoperative symptoms and signs ranged from 2 weeks to 12 years. Authors opine that lesion size did not correlate with the degree of oculomotor nerve deficit. Ipsilateral ophthalmoplegic migraine was found in two cases of cisternal microlesions involving the initial prepontine segment of oculomotor nerve. [7].Total removal of schwannoma usually resulted in severe postoperative parent nerve paresis. Surgical tr eatment was indicated only for large tumours that presented in association with consciousness disturbance, other cranial nerve signs, or hemiparesis due to mass effect, or in cases where the lesion showed malignant features with rapid enlargement. Murakami et al., 2005 [9] described a case of an 11-year-old girl with oculomotor nerve schwannoma who had been suffering from symptoms mimicking OM. Her attacks became more frequent and were not controlled by medication. After surgery, the frequency of OM attacks reduced. This was the first report to describe a pathologically confirmed case of oculomotor nerve schwannoma mimicking OM. Riahi A et al., 2014[10] described a 12 year old girl with recurrent painful ophthalmoplegia, who on examination was found to have left oculomotor palsy. Her third MRI focusing on third nerve revealed schwannoma of the oculomotor nerve in left cisternal portion. Kawasaki et al., 1999 [11] reported a case of the coexistence of OM and ipsilateral 3rd nerve schwannoma .The authors had an acute and a follow-up MRI during a recovery phase and noticed no difference. The coexistence of two rare conditions suggests that a mere coincidence is unlikely. It has been proposed that repeated inflammation could lead to a demyelination/ remyelination process with Schwann cell proliferation and onion bulb formation. There are no published treatment trials for ophthalmoplegic migraine. Oral steroids may be of possible benefit in treating acute exacerbations based on available case series. Prompt steroid therapy at the time of attack might minimize permanent sequelae of OM, including residual weakness of the third cranial nerve and pupillary dysfunction. Bharucha et al., 2007 [4] state that various treatments have been described, including steroids acutely and flunarizine, acetazolamide, propranolol, cyproheptadine, or verapamil prophylactically. OM is a heterogeneous disorder that needs adequate scrutiny, periodic magnetic resonance monitoring, and clinical correlation before we can conclude and draw management guidelines. Conclusion: Awareness and suspicion is required to identify cranial cephalalgia /OM as it is a rare entity and diagnosis even by headache experts is made by exclusion. It warrants thorough investigation to rule out intrinsic lesions mimicking OM. The rare association reported in our report gives insight into pathophysiology and clinico-radiological correlations in OM. Bibliography 1. Gelfand AA, Gelfand JM, Prabakhar P et al. Ophthalmoplegic ‘‘Migraine’’ or Recurrent Ophthalmoplegic Cranial Neuropathy: New Cases and a Systematic Review. Journal of Child Neurology.2011; 27(6):759-766 2. Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition. Cephalalgia. 2004; 24(suppl 1):9–160. 3. Ravi Shankar. K. Ophthalmoplegic Migraine: Still a Diagnostic Dilemma? Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2008; 12: 285 – 291 4. Diana X. Bharucha, Timothy B. Campbell, Ignacio Valencia. MRI Findings in Pediatric Ophthalmoplegic Migraine: A Case Report and Literature Review. Pediatric Neurology .2007; 37: 59–63 5. Mark AS, Casselman J, Brown D, et al.: Ophthalmoplegic migraine: reversible enhancement and thickening of the cisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve on contrast enhanced MRI images. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol .1998; 19: 1887– 1891. 6. Carlow TJ: Oculomotor ophthalmoplegic migraine: is it really migraine? J Neuroophthalmol .2002; 22: 215– 221. 7. Yang S, Li Z, Liu X et al.Pediatric Isolated Oculomotor Nerve Schwannoma: A New Case Report and Literature Review. Pediatric Neurology.2013; 48(4):321–324 8. Leunda G,Vaquero J,Cabezudo J et al. Schwannoma of the oculomotor nerves .Report of four cases .J Neurosurg.1982;57:563-565 9. T. Murakami, M. Funatsuka, M. Komine et al.Oculomotor nerve schwannoma mimicking ophthalmoplegic migraine.Neuropediatrics.2005; 36:395–398 10. Riahi A, Youssef-Turki I.B, Walha K et al. Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegia: ophthalmoplegic migraine or oculomotor nerve schwannomas? Neurological Practice –FMC. 2014; 5:205-208 11. Kawasaki A. Oculomotor nerve schwannoma associated with ophthalmoplegic migraine. Am J Ophthal 1999; 128:658–60.

Nietzsches Critique of Religion Essay -- Nietzsches Critique of Chri

Nietzsche's critique of religion is largely based on his critique of Christianity. Nietzsche says that in modern Europe, people are atheistic, even though they don't realise it. People who say they are religious aren't really and those who say they have moved on haven't actually moved on. Certain people in society retain features of Christianity. For example, socialists still believe in equality in all people. Others still have pity for the poor and needy etc. Nietzsche dislikes religion especially Christianity because it encourages and promotes slave morality. Nietzsche says that we should be striving towards master morality, but Christianity has the completely opposite values to those of the master morality. For example, religion wants us to be like slaves and give things up instead of trying to be great. He talks about a slave revolt in morality, which leads to the dominance of slave values over master values. Christianity is that slave revolt. The problem for Nietzsche is the New Testament - the introduction of Jesus. He thinks that linking the Old Testament with the New Testament is very cheeky. They are two different books with complete different ideas and so should not be linked together. The Old Testament is full of power - Nietzsche likes that. But he objects to the values of the New Testament that shouldn't be linked to the Old Testament. They demote power. He sees religion as intensely nihilistic - it's all about denying life and being negative. Nietzsche feels that the New Testament is also like that. We have to go beyond this. If Christianity and Schopenhaur are based on denying life ... ...itique is that he views religion from the outside, so doesn't this make it a one-sided story? But obviously Nietzsche will think that his critique is one-sided. He is a perspectivist. Why is a view from outside any less valid than a view from inside? Is the ladder of religious cruelty a complete account of religious development. What about a sacrificing himself for humanity? This doesn't get mentioned. However we could say that Nietzsche rejects that because he obviously doesn't believe in God and insofar as God is 'one of the suffering'. This confirms Nietzsche's negative view of religion / Christianism. Nietzsche said that religion shouldn't How can religion not be an 'end-in-itself' for religious believers? A counter-argument to this would be to say that religion as an instrument is not a religion.